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A FINE BRONZE FIGURE OF A STANDING TIRTHANKARA, GUJARAT, CIRCA 15TH-16TH CENTURY OR EARLIER
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12月16日 晚上6点 开拍 /10天19小时
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Description

A FINE BRONZE FIGURE OF A STANDING TIRTHANKARA, GUJARAT, CIRCA 15TH-16TH CENTURY OR EARLIER

Expert’s note: The snail-shell curls arranged over the domed ushnisha and the delicate dhoti tied around the waist of the present figure indicate a later date when compared with earlier jina bronze images produced during the 11th and 12th centuries, which were typically shown nude or ‘sky-clad’. However, the posture of austere meditation (kayotsarga) or the position of body-abandonment remains a constant feature, suggesting affiliation with the Digambara tradition of Jainism. This sect embraced a more extreme form of asceticism and became concentrated in the southern regions of the Indian subcontinent.

Western India. Heavily cast, standing in the kayotsarga posture of body abandonment upon a circular base, the arms hanging freely alongside the body. The figure clad in a diaphanous dhoti gracefully tied at the waist, leaving the torso bare. His rounded face bearing a serene expression, with heavy-lidded eyes beneath finely incised brows, centered by a raised urna, an aquiline nose, and full lips forming a tranquil smile, all framed by long, pendulous earlobes. The hair arranged in large snail-shell curls surmounting the domed ushnisha.

Provenance: Daniel Milano, Paris, France, 2003. Collection of Paolo Bertuzzi, acquired from the above. A copy of the original invoice from D Milano, dated 15 May 2003, addressed to Paolo Bertuzzi, and stating a purchase price for the present lot of EUR 3,200 or approx. EUR 5,000 (adjusted for inflation at the time of writing), accompanies this lot. Paolo Bertuzzi (1943-2022) was a fashion stylist from Bologna, Italy. He was the son of Enrichetta Bertuzzi, founder of Hettabretz, a noted Italian fashion company with customers such as the Rothschild family, Audrey Hepburn, and Elizabeth Taylor. Paolo Bertuzzi later took over his mother’s business and designed exclusive pieces, some of which were exhibited in the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, USA. He was also an avid collector of antiques for more than sixty years. His collection includes both archaic and contemporary art, and he edited two important books about Asian art, Goa Made - An Archaeological Discovery, about a large-scale archaeological project carried out with the Italian and Indonesian governments, and Majapahit, Masterpieces from a Forgotten Kingdom.
Condition: Very good condition with ancient wear, casting irregularities, and distinct traces of weathering and corrosion. Light warping. Few minor nicks and dents, light surface scratches, and minute dents. The bronze surface with a rich, naturally grown patina.

Weight: 791.3 g
Dimensions: Height 19.4 cm

Complete freedom from passion and anger represents the state of the ford-crosser or tirthankara, also known as a jina, meaning ‘conqueror’. The immutable nature of the mental and spiritual state of this being is expressed through the symmetry and stillness of his posture. In the Jain religion, twenty-four enlightened beings were believed to have transmitted, one after another, the eternal truths that form the foundation of Jain doctrine. These truths, according to Jain belief, existed eternally and remain unchanged.

Tradition relates that the first tirthankara established the foundations of civilization. Before attaining liberation from the cycle of rebirth (moksha) and reaching the state of jina, he appointed another human being of the present age to continue spreading the teachings that relieve suffering. Each subsequent tirthankara followed this example. Accounts concerning these liberated beings began to appear during the early Common Era and were later compiled in the Kalpa Sutra, an important Jain text thought to have been composed around the 4th century AD. Representations of tirthankaras appeared in Mathura (in present-day Uttar Pradesh) as early as the 1st century AD.

Jainism, one of India's great religions, was a reformist movement developed in reaction to Brahmanical Hindu traditions and practices such as caste division and animal sacrifice. The 24th Jina, Mahavira, was an elder contemporary of the historical Buddha living between 599-527 BCE. Though often cited as the founder of the faith, Mahavira is considered a compiler of teachings and practices that existed for eons. The central tenet of Jainism is strict adherence to the principles of non-violence (ahimsa) with followers taking extreme care not to harm any living creature.

Literature comparison:
Compare a related marble figure of the standing jina Rishabha, India, Rajasthan, 11th-12th century, 162 cm high, in the Museum Rietberg, inventory number RVI 213.

Auction result comparison:
Type: Related
Auction: Christie’s New York, 23 March 1999, lot 24
Estimate: USD 40,250 or approx. EUR 68,500 converted and adjusted for inflation at the time of writing
Description: A rare bronze figure of a Jina, India, Gujarat, Akota type, 6th-7th century
Expert remark: Compare the related modeling of the figure and manner of casting. Note the larger size (38 cm) and the much earlier date.

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