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A SET OF FOUR BRONZE BUSTS OF ROMAN EMPERORS BY FRANCESCO RIGHETTI (1749–1819), ROME, 1788 depicting Nero, Vespasian, Titus and Domitian; each bust on an original grey marble socle and ormolu-mounted cylindrical white marble pedestal; each pedestal with a tablet identifying the sitter; each with a light green patination; the busts of Nero and Domitian signed and dated to the reverse of the shoulders 'F. RIGHETTI. F. ROMAE. 1788' Each 9 ? in. (23.6 cm.) high, the busts; 11 7/8 in. (30.3 cm.) high, with socle; 18 ? in. (47 cm.) high, overall (4)
Epitomising historical gravitas, noble austerity and harmonic beauty, Francesco Righetti's busts of the four Caesars Nero, Vespasian, Titus and Domitian are undoubtedly some of the finest bronzes cast in Italy in the second half of the eighteenth century. It is here argued that these four busts formed part of a set of twelve Caesars that Gustav III of Sweden acquired in 1789 on the recommendation of his agent in Rome Carl Fredrik Fredenheim and the famous engraver, architect and dealer Francesco Piranesi.
FRANCESCO RIGHETTI
The sculptor Francesco Righetti was trained in the multi-faceted workshop of the silversmith and bronzier Luigi Valadier, where he was probably employed above all in the modelling and casting of small and large bronzes. He quickly became a successor to his teacher, and in 1779 he opened his own studio in via della Purificazione. Righetti responded with skill and energy to the taste of collectors for faithful replicas of celebrated statues, both ancient and modern. As wealthy visitors to the Eternal City were faced with the difficulties of exporting ancient artefacts abroad under the strict licensing laws introduced by Pope Pius VI (1717-1799), Righetti was perfectly placed to facilitate their fervoured interest for collectable art objects. These served to remind the Grand Tourist of their travels in Italy once home and to demonstrate their newly acquired taste and learning. When the English architect Henry Holland was sent by the Prince Regent to Rome to acquire antiquities for Carlton House, his friend and fellow architect Charles Heathcote Tatham recommended visiting Righetti and his rival Zoffoli, noting that ‘their execution is superlatively good, having artists employed who study the antique with attention and model with great ingenuity and taste' (Hilliam, op. cit., p. 12).
In 1781 Righetti received his first known large-scale commission, for 12 full-sized lead casts of famous statues for the English banker Henry Hope at his country house at Welgelegen, near Haarlem. By 1786 Righetti was already receiving royal commissions from abroad, and in that year he provided Catherine II, Empress of Russia, with a marble Parnassus with bronze figures of Apollo and the Muses (Luchs, loc. cit.). After a visit to his studio, Pope Pius VII became an enthusiast of Righetti's work and commissioned a number of pieces from him. In 1805 the pope made Righetti head of the Vatican foundry.
THE TWELVE CAESARS
The present four busts are an example of the heights Righetti reached in the casting and finishing of small-scale works in bronze. The surface of each of the Caesars has been carefully filed and patinated all'antica to a standard not seen on many of the bronzes associated with Righetti, where workshop involvement was necessary for all but the most significant creations.
The four Caesars were originally made as part of a set of twelve, as can be deduced from the numbering on the plaques of their bases. The concept of the 'Twelve Caesars' originated with Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus' book entitled De Vita Caesarum, in which the Roman historian discusses the significant and critical period of the Principate from the end of the Republic to the reign of Domitian. Righetti had cast a set of these twelve seminal emperors by the time of the 1786 catalogue that advertised his crea