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A PAIR OF WEDGWOOD BLACK 'BASALTES' CIRCULAR PLAQUES CIRCA 1770-75, PAINTED NUMERALS '154' AND '155' TO THE REVERSE Each moulded in high relief with a classical scene, the first depicting Polyphemus and Cupid, the second with Marsyas and a Young Olympus, each within an integral moulded and gilt fluted frame Each 15 in. (38.4 cm.) diameter
This pair of Wedgwood black basalt relief plaques are among a small number of surviving examples from Wedgwood’s famed Herculaneum Pictures, a series of fourteen large circular and oval plaques that were inspired by Roman wall-paintings at Herculaneum and Pompeii. This rare pair are thought to be the only surviving examples from the series where the frames are decorated with original 18th century gilding. It is thought that the plaques have been in Italy since the 18th century (according to the present owner), and that the inventory numbers on the reverse suggest a princely collection (the gilded frames, which were very expensive to produce, point to this as being probable). It has been suggested that the plaques may have been in the collection of the Grand Dukes of Tuscany, but no archival documentation has yet been found to support this.
Whilst single plaques from the series are known, it is very unusual to find a pair that appear to have remained together since the time of their manufacture, and furthermore have gilded frames. These highly sculptural plaques represent Wedgwood’s engagement with the neo-classical style at its most successful and display a superb level of craftsmanship, unequalled by his competitors in the field of ceramic art and combining in basalt Wedgwood's passion, skill, his innovations and inventiveness.
The series was conceived shortly after Josiah Wedgwood (1730-95) and Thomas Bentley (1730-80) formally agreed their business partnership in 1769. It was an immensely successful partnership characterised by Wedgwood’s inventiveness and deep technical understanding of the art of pottery, and by Bentley’s considerable knowledge of classical and renaissance art and commercial experience. These plaques epitomise not only Wedgwood and Bentley’s fascination with the ‘Antique’ world, but also their engagement with contemporary architects and their deep understanding of changing tastes and market trends in contemporary decorative arts.
The fashion for the ‘Antique’ gained huge traction in England after the re-discovery and excavations of Herculaneum in 1738 and Pompeii in 1748. The new aesthetic provided a strong contrast to the extravagances of the late Baroque and Rococo designs that dominated decorative arts in the first half of the 18th century and it was perceived as elegant, academic and 'pure'. The ‘Antique’ taste continued in favour throughout the second half of the 18th century and into the 19th century and Italy became a hugely popular destination for the wealthy to include in a ‘Grand Tour’ of Europe (1). Wedgwood and Bentley were quick to realise the commercial possibilities of this new movement.
Wedgwood’s fourteen Herculaneum Pictures were moulded from a group of plaster bas-reliefs brought to England by William Petty, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne (1737-1805), thirteen of which were inspired by frescoes from Pompeii and Herculaneum. The frescoes that provide the source for the subjects of Polyphemus and Cupid and Marsyas and the young Olympus, depicted on the present pair of plaques, are now preserved in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale in Naples (2). Lord Lansdowne, an enthusiastic and esteemed patron of Wedgwood, allowed moulds to be made of his bas-reliefs for reproduction at the Wedgwood Etruria factory. It appears that the moulds were executed by Hoskins & Oliver in 1770 (3); certainly they were in production in black basalt by the following year as Josiah wrote to Bentley early in 1771 that ‘he was finishing some frames for the Herculaneum, & other Basrelie