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ANCIENT REGION OF GANDHARA, 2ND-3RD CENTURY
The current work has passed through a number of important collections over the past century, including the collection of the Hon. John Edward Bingham in the early twentieth century. By 1954, Bingham sold a number of works from his collection of Gandharan art to art institutions in the United States, including the Baltimore Museum of Art. BMA deaccessioned a number of these works to the Lawrence Art Museum at Williams College, Massachusetts; the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond; and the Ackland Art Museum, North Carolina. The current work was sold at Sotheby & co., London in 1960, and acquired by the late antiquities dealer, A. Garebed. It then passed into the collection of the renowned art critic Denys Miller Sutton, the editor of Apollo magazine and UNESCO Fine Art specialist, and through his family by descent.
This impressively carved grey schist head embodies the naturalistic and idealized sculptural style of Buddhist art from the ancient region of Gandhara. Depicted with a youthful face, with soft lips, aquiline nose, and almond-shaped eyes below gently arching brows, all surmounted by flowing ringlets of hair, the visage exemplifies the classical ideal of masculine youth.
In the depiction of the hair ornaments, the present sculpture is similar to two works in the Peshawar and Lahore Museums, each identified as Siddhartha by H. Ingholt in Gandharan Art in Pakistan, New York, 1957, cat. no. 280-281, presumably based on his youthful appearance, with the cascading locks of hair, princely jewelry and the ushnisha, representing the period in Siddhartha’s life before he relinquished his worldly goods and became Buddha, the Enlightened One.
Similar figures have also been more broadly identified as bodhisattvas, those who have achieved enlightenment but forgo nirvana (the escape from rebirth) to serve as guides for all sentient beings. In the Gandharan period, the most important of these figures were Avalokiteshvara, the bodhisattva of compassion, and Maitreya, the future buddha. Each had defined iconography, and would likely have been worshipped alongside images of Buddha himself: Avalokiteshvara is distinguished by the flower he holds in his hand and usually wears a turban, while Maitreya holds a water pot and usually, but not always, wears his hair in a topknot.
According to tradition, Maitreya will be born a Brahmin, and therefore will be dressed in the rich vestments similar to that of the historical Prince Siddhartha, including beaded jewelry and hair ornaments similar to those found in the present work. Given the similarities between depictions of Maitreya and Prince Siddhartha, it is possible that the present head could represent either.