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Egypt, Middle Kingdom, 11th to 12th Dynasty, ca. 2030 to 1640 BCE. A beautiful limestone stamp seal bead, covered in hieroglyphics incised by a sure, steady hand. Cylinder seals were initially imported from Mesopotamia prior to this period, but as Lower and Upper Egypt unified under a single dynasty, and the new rulers began to establish a unified government, they codified their own system for seals. Hieroglyphs were invented immediately before this period, and their pictographic style played a role in seal designs. Until around the 6th Dynasty, seals were used for all official government business, from sealing documents to sealing jars full of grain in agricultural transactions. After that, they began to have a votive function, with prayers or royal names inscribed on their surfaces. Size: 0.7" W (1.8 cm); 1.7" H (4.3 cm) on included custom stand. Provenance: private Zaveloff collection, Lakewood, New Jersey, USA, acquired at auction before 2004 All items legal to buy/sell under U.S. Statute covering cultural patrimony Code 2600, CHAPTER 14, and are guaranteed to be as described or your money back. A Certificate of Authenticity will accompany all winning bids. We ship worldwide to most countries and handle all shipping in-house for your convenience. #151414