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A BRASS FIGURE OF MANJUSHRI NAMASANGITI
KURKIHAR, NORTHEASTERN INDIA, 12TH CENTURYHimalayan Art Resources item no.66735 4 3/4 in. (12.1 cm) high
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庫基哈爾 印度東北部 十二世紀 四臂文殊菩薩銅像This rare four-armed form of Manjushri derives from the Arya Manjushri Namasangiti Tantra ('Singing the Names of Manjushri'), a major teaching dating from around the 7th century that conceives of Manjushri as the spiritual progenitor of all Tathagatas and the entire Buddhist cosmos.?Manjushri Namasangiti's many arms convey his cosmic status, cast in a naturalistic array. He holds a scripture before his chest, and a sword, a bow, and an arrow (missing), weapons that symbolize the scripture's ability to penetrate ignorance. Stylistically, the bronze shares its distinctive flat lotus petals, physique, physiognomy, and beaded jewelry with a two-armed bronze of Manjushri from the 12th century, excavated from Kurkihar in Northeastern India (Sharma, The Heritage of Buddhist Pala Art, New Delhi, 2018, p.183, fig.124). However, unlike it, the present bronze has a glossy, unexcavated patina and remains of cold gold in the face and lapis in the hair which indicates it was carried to Tibet in antiquity. Kurkihar was an important monastic site, where a large cache of bronzes was discovered in 1930 and now populate the Patna Museum, Bihar. Art historically, Kurkihar rose to prominence in the 10th-to-12th centuries, as Nalanda waned. It was also at this time that religious developments lead to the flourishing of tantric, multiarmed deities in Pala art. (Compare a related bronze of Hevajra sold at Holly's Auctions, Guangzhou, 27 May 2017, lot 1048 [HAR8735]). Two of the present sculpture's stylistic details—its large-beaded necklace and the 'rice-grain' pattern in its lower garment—draw exciting links with roughly contemporaneous sculpture of Nepal and the Khasa Malla Kingdom, known to have borrowed elements from Pala art. For example, see a gilt bronze figure of Yogambara from Nepal, circa 13th century, sold at Bonhams, New York, 17 March 2014, lot 5. ProvenanceAstamangala Gallery, Amsterdam, 2007Private Swiss Collection