A RARE BRONZE RITUAL TRIPOD VESSEL, DING
Early Western Zhou DynastyThe deep U-shaped body supported on three columnar legs, the flat everted rim set with two small upright loop handles above a band of kui dragons encircling the vessel beneath the rim on a ground of leiwen, the remainder of the body cast with a diagonal grid, each diamond-shaped unit defined by an individual leiwen border and with a central circle, a single pictogram cast to the well, the interior cast with a two-character inscription reading Yiran 乙冉, the sage-green patina with patches of malachite encrustations. 19.6cm (7 6/8in) high.
注脚
西周早期 青銅乳釘雷紋乙冉鼎Provenance: Guggenheim 3 (label)Sotheby's London, 13 December 1963, lot 171Alan Hartman, New YorkSotheby's New York, 19 March 1997, lot 2An important European private collectionPublished and Illustrated: C.Deydier, Chinese Bronzes, pl.14; in Yanku fijin tulu, vo.I, pl.6.Published and Exhibited: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Ancient Ritual Bronzes of China, Los Angeles, 1976, no.6.來源:Guggenheim 3(標籤)倫敦蘇富比,1963年12月13日,拍品編號171紐約古董商Alan Hartman紐約蘇富比,1997年3月19日,拍品編號2歐洲重要私人收藏出版著錄:戴克誠,《Chinese Bronzes》,圖版編號14;同《巖窟吉金圖錄》,卷一,圖版編號6展覽著錄:洛杉磯藝術博物館,《Ancient Ritual Bronzes of China》,洛杉磯,1976年,編號6The vessel is cast to the interior with two characters reading Yiran 乙冉 relating to the powerful clan for which the vessel was produced. Notable for its elegant proportions and the crisp definition of the 'diamond and boss' design and stylised kui dragons combination, this remarkable tripod vessel testifies to the artistic dexterity and technical advancements achieved in bronze casting during the 11th century BC.Ding vessels are among the most significant products of the Bronze Age in China. They were used in ritual ceremonies to present food offerings to the ancestors and were associated with royal power, authority and legitimacy to the throne. According to the 'Book of Rites', Zhouli, compiled during the 12th century BC, and the 'Commentary of Zuo' Zuozhuan, dating to the late 4th century BC, the possession of a bronze ding was considered a concrete sign of of heaven-bestowed legitimacy and continued heavenly protection and favour. According to legend, King Yu, founder of the Xia dynasty, had nine large bronze ding vessels cast, one for each of the nine provinces in the kingdom; see Wu Hung, Monumentality in Early Chinese Art, Stanford, 1995, pp.4-11.The present form of ding is an exceptionally elegant version of the highest-quality food vessels, which were formerly made of pottery beginning in the early Neolithic period. Bronze was far scarcer and required significantly more labour than ordinary ceramic production. In addition, the more elaborate decoration employed on bronze vessels demonstrated their exalted function.The earliest datable ding made of bronze appear to have been produced towards the end of the Xia dynasty (c.2070-1600 BC). At this time, their shape consisted of a flat-bottomed bowl with thin walls, topped by two vertical handles and supported by three triangular hollow legs. By the Shang dynasty, ding vessels were still thinly cast and had a deep rounded body. Towards the end of the 11th century BC, the body of the ding became rounder and its legs were cylindrical and full-bodied, as can be seen on the present vessel; see C.Deydier, Chinese Bronzes from the Meyingtang Collection, vol.1, Paris, 2011, p.39.Ding vessels have been excavated in large numbers from Shang and Zhou dynasty burials of the highest-ranking members of society. The tomb of Fu Hao, consort of King Wu Ding of the late Shang dynasty, for example, contained over twenty-six ding vessels. Burials dating to the early Western Zhou period include the site of Yu Bo in Boji, Shaanxi Province, unearthed in the 1980's; see 'Corpus of Chinese Bronzes' Zhongguo qingtongqi quanji, Beijing, 1996-1998, vol.11, nos.163-164. The distinctive 'diamond and boss' decoration, probably an innovation of the Anyang foundries of the Shang dynasty, enjoyed popularity with pre-dynastic Zhou casters and continued in fashion during the early phases of the Zhou period. This design has been noted mainly on round-bodied vessels dating from the late Shang and early Western Zhou period excavated in Shaanxi Province, as demonstrated by several excavated examples illustrated by R.Bagley, Shang Ritual Bronzes in the Arthur M. Sackler Collections, Washington DC, 1987, pp.504-507, no.98, figs.98.3-5 and pp.510-14, nos.100 and 101, figs.100.1-3 and 101.1-2. Compare with two nearly identical bronze ding vessels, late Shang/early Western Zhou dynasty, one in the Guimet Museum, Paris, illustrated by R.Bagley, Shang Ritual Bronzes in the Arthur M. Sackler Collections, Washington DC, 1987, p.96, fig.106, and the other in the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, illustrated by B.Kalgren,'New Studies on Chinese Bronzes', Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, no.9, 1937, pl.32, fig.132. Compare with a related bronze ritual vessel ding, late Shang/early Zhou dynasty, of similar shape and decorated with similar bands of stylised kui dragons, which was sold at Christie's New York, 21 March 2014, lot 2036.鼎侈口,折沿,口沿上有雙立耳。深腹圓底,腹下三柱足。口沿下飾變形夔紋一周,以雷紋為地。腹部飾斜方格乳釘紋,乳釘低平。器內鑄「乙冉」二字銘文;乙應為日名,冉則為族徽文字,表明器主所在的族氏。鼎不但是青銅禮器中的主要食器,在祭祀儀式上用於烹煮或盛載食物;更是古代中國傳統中最為重要的器物,與王權的至高無上息息相關。傳夏禹有德,貢金九牧,而鑄九鼎。《左傳》有云,「桀有昏德,鼎遷於商,載祀六百。商紂暴虐,鼎遷於週」。九鼎的遷徙指明了王朝的更迭,而鑄造或擁有九鼎則被視為天命所歸的象徵。夏商周三代只有統治階層才能擁有和使用青銅,西周的列鼎制度更是嚴格規定了使用者身份等級與之相對應的用鼎數量。詳見巫鴻著,《Monumentality in Early Chinese Art and Architecture》,斯坦福,1995年,頁4-11。新石器時代,陶鼎非常盛行,是最高級別的煮食用具,製作工藝也較一般陶器更為複雜。現存最早的青銅鼎見於二里頭文化;其器壁較薄、鼎腹深圓、錐足中空的外形特徵延續至商代。至商晚期,鼎腹變淺,柱足逐漸取代錐足,形如本例的造型已成主流。見戴克誠著,《梅茵堂藏中國銅器》,卷一,巴黎,2011年,頁39。此例獨特之處在於其斜方格乳釘紋飾,即腹部眾多且連續排布的外斜方格界、內乳釘紋、並以雷紋襯底的幾何花紋。此類紋飾最早見於安陽時期,並逐步流行至西周早期,影響擴大到陝西等地區,多用於鼎、簋等深腹器形之上。參考多件出土示例,見R.Bagley著,《Shang Ritual Bronzes in the Arthur M. Sackler Collections》,華盛頓,1987年,頁504-507,編號98,圖版98.3-5;以及頁510-514,編號100及101,圖版100.1-3及101.1-2。參考兩例極為相似的商晚期至西周早期青銅鼎,分別藏於巴黎吉美國立亞洲藝術博物館,見R.Bagley著,《Shang Ritual Bronzes in the Arthur M. Sackler Collections》,華盛頓,1987年,96頁,圖版106;以及斯德哥爾摩東亞博物館,見B.Kalgren著,〈New Studies on Chinese Bronzes〉,收錄於《Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities》,第九期,1937年,圖版32,編號132。一件商晚期至西周早期青銅鼎,形制與本例相似,口沿下同樣飾夔紋一周,售於紐約佳士得,2014年3月21日,拍品編號2036,可資比對。
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