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全球拍卖首页 > Sotheby's > 中国艺术 > Lot 209
Mao Zedong, Agreement on Resisting Against Japan, two copies, 1936
美国
03月25日 晚上9点30分 开拍 / 03月23日 下午3点 截止委托
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Lot Details Description signed by Mao Zedong with one seal on each copy (4) Agreement on Resistance Against Japan 1. Under the principle of saving the nation from the Japanese invasion, the representative of the Northeast Army, Zhang Xueliang, and the representative of the Red Army, Mao Zedong, agree to contribute high mutual reliance and trust between the two parties, and strive to achieve the success of the mission as follows: A. To resist the invasion of Japan and regain the lost territories by a military equipped to save China. B. To implement the united alliance of all political divisions and all armies across the nation. C. To implement the set up of a new national government rooted in democracy. 2. In order to accomplish the above political missions, both parties commit to execute the following activities in their military territories across every aspect of the nation: A. Strive to immediately stop the civil war (cease the attack of the Red Army) across the nation; to advocate the cooperation between all political divisions, and armies (particularly the Nationalist Government and armies under Chiang's rule) across the nation in order to implement the military activities of resistance against Japan. B. Organize activities of resistance against the Japanese invasion among citizens, industry, business, and rural entities across the nation. C. Across the country, promote the set up of a new national government rooted in democracy; call for an urgent national congress in accordance with universal suffrage to organize the national defense government. D. Absolute entitlements to citizens of their rights of free speech, gathering, formation of community and association, as well as publication. 3. In the nearest best timing, the two parties agree to initiate and organize a national conference among all political divisions and all armies in order to establish strategies and plans to resist the Japanese invasion. Before the conference, the two parties arrange initiative meetings to discuss and organize all necessary preparation. 4. During the war of resistance against the Japanese invasion, the two parties shall take their own military responsibilities, however be wholly cooperative on all military activities. Under the command of the united national power of resistance against Japan, the two parties are to accomplish the mission to stop the Japanese invasion of China. 5. The two parties guarantee their political divisions and armies will not violate any clause of this agreement with any propaganda or activities. Nevertheless, the two parties retain their political sovereignty. 6. Based upon the principles of the above clauses, the two parties shall establish, by mutual consent, military or specific policies on particular issues. 7. This agreement shall take effect upon signature of the representative of each of the two parties. 8. Any amendment to this agreement requires the mutual consent of both parties. 1936 (empty) Month (empty) Day Northeast Army Representative (empty) Red Army Representative (Mao Zedong's signature and personal seal) Height 10? in., 18.8 cm; Width 6 in., 15.2 cm Condition report Provenance Collection of Hyland 'Bud' Lyon (1908-1973). Bonhams New York, 20th March 2013, lot 5. Catalogue note The present manuscript agreements are closely associated with the political realignments of 1936 that culminated in the Xi’an Incident, a pivotal event in the transition from protracted civil conflict toward coordinated resistance against Japanese expansion. Drafted by the Chinese Communist Party and signed by Mao Zedong in his capacity as representative of the Red Army, and prepared for the signature of Zhang Xueliang as representative of the Northeastern Army, these documents reflect the evolving negotiations between the Chinese Communist Party and elements within the Nationalist military establishment during a period of acute national crisis. By the mid-1930s, the strategic situation in China had deteriorated markedly. Japan’s occupation of Manchuria in 1931 and continued encroachment into North China posed a sustained external threat, while internal military campaigns against Communist forces continued to consume significant resources. Following the Long March, the Communist leadership regrouped in Shaanxi but remained militarily vulnerable. In response to these conditions, the Chinese Communist Party formally articulated a policy of a united anti-Japanese front at the Wayaobu Conference in December 1935 and began to pursue contacts with non-Communist military forces operating in the northwest. Zhang Xueliang, commander of the Northeastern Army, became an important interlocutor in this process. After the loss of Manchuria and subsequent redeployments, Zhang’s forces were reassigned to campaigns against the Red Army in Shaanxi and Gansu between 1934 and 1935, where they suffered a series of defeats. These military outcomes, combined with broader strategic concerns regarding Japan’s advance, contributed to the initiation of confidential communications between Zhang and representatives of the Chinese Communist Party. On 9 April 1936, Zhou Enlai and Li Kenong met Zhang Xueliang at Fushi (modern Yan’an), marking the first formal high-level discussions between the two sides. Topics addressed in these exchanges included a cessation of hostilities, coordination against Japan, and broader political cooperation. The manuscript agreements titled “Resistance Against Japan” give structured expression to these discussions, outlining principles such as an end to civil war, the formation of a unified military command, and the establishment of a new national government. Although prepared for Zhang’s signature, the agreements remained unsigned by him, underscoring both the provisional nature of the negotiations and the political constraints under which they unfolded. On October 5th, 1936, Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai wrote a letter to Zhang Xueliang, mentioning a draft agreement on Resisting Against Japan, published in Mao Zedong shuxin xuanji [Selected Correspondence of Mao Zedong], Beijing, 2003, p. 66. The present lot could be the agreement mentioned in the letter. The historical importance of these documents is further underscored by their close temporal proximity to the Xi’an Incident of December 1936. When Chiang Kai-shek arrived in Xi’an to oversee renewed campaigns against Communist forces and to address tensions within the Northeastern and Northwestern armies, negotiations had already reached an impasse. The detention of Chiang by Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng on 12 December brought these unresolved issues to a head. While no formal written treaty was executed during the twelve days of Chiang’s detention, the subsequent outcome, which included cessation of large-scale civil conflict and agreement on united resistance against Japan, closely aligned with the principles articulated in the present manuscripts. The Communist–Nationalist ceasefire, the establishment of the Second United Front, the release of political prisoners, and the reorientation of China’s military strategy toward full-scale resistance against Japan all followed directly from the principles outlined herein. In this sense, these manuscripts function not merely as unrealized drafts, but as foundational texts whose ideas were implemented through political necessity rather than signature. For Zhang Xueliang, the cost was personal and irreversible. Escorting Chiang back to Nanjing after the peaceful resolution of the incident, Zhang was immediately placed under arrest and spent the next five decades in confinement. His political career ended at the very moment his actions reshaped the fate of the nation. For Mao Zedong, however, the Xi’an settlement marked the Communist Party’s emergence from isolation into national legitimacy—a transformation in which these documents played a conceptual and diplomatic role. Surviving in two nearly identical copies, each signed and sealed by Mao as Red Army representative, these manuscripts are therefore among the most important extant documentary witnesses to the birth of the Second United Front. They embody the moment when revolutionary theory, military necessity, and individual moral choice converged, capturing Zhang Xueliang at the fulcrum of history, and Mao Zedong on the threshold of national power. Provenance associated with the documents further situates them within the aftermath of the Xi’an Incident. Hyland “Bud” Lyon, an American aviation mechanic employed by the China National Aviation Corporation, later served as pilot and aide to Zhang Xueliang. Following the incident, Lyon acted as a bodyguard and logistical assistant to Zhang’s family during the period of Zhang’s detention.

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